Global patterns of ecologically unequal exchange: Implications for sustainability in the 21st century
نویسندگان
چکیده
Ecologically unequal exchange theory posits asymmetric net flows of biophysical resources from poorer to richer countries. To date, empirical evidence support this theoretical notion as a systemic aspect the global economy is largely lacking. Through environmentally-extended multi-regional input-output modelling, we provide for ecologically persistent feature 1990 2015. We identify regions origin and final consumption four resource groups: materials, energy, land, labor. By comparing monetary value embodied in trade, find significant international disparities how provision compensated. Value added per ton raw material exports 11 times higher high-income countries than those with lowest income, 28 unit With exception land China India, all other world serve exporters types across 1990–2015 time period. On aggregate, allows simultaneously appropriate generate surplus through trade. This has far-reaching implications sustainability economic growth prospects nations. • that supports exchange. High-income nations are importers gain trade via appropriation. Lower-income but experience deficits. The observed inequality hampers multiple ways.
منابع مشابه
Environment, Development, and Ecologically Unequal Exchange
I begin this paper with summaries of environment and development perspectives foundational to contemporary environmental sociology: ecological modernization theory and treadmill of production theory. Descriptions of the perspectives are provided as well as an overview of recent quantitative cross-national analyses that evaluate the propositions of both theories. Next, I provide a summary of eco...
متن کاملGlobal health in the 21st century
INTRODUCTION Since the end of the 1990s, globalization has become a common term, facilitated by the social media of today and the growing public awareness of life-threatening problems common to all people, such as global warming, global security and global divides. REVIEW For the main parameters of health like the burden of disease, life expectancy and healthy life expectancy, extreme discrep...
متن کاملMedical Education in 21st-century
Medical education play an important role in health of people in 20st-century, but this system has to change overtime. Medical education must respond to not only the demand of community at larg but also to changing in new technologies. Medical education have been criticized in last two decades of 20st-century, because of producing too many specialists focus on treatment instead of health, insuf...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Ecological Economics
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['0921-8009', '1873-6106']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106824